Uppsatsen syfte är att undersöka de hebreiska begreppen neshama och ruach och att jämför dessa med varandra.

Neshama är ett sällsynt begrepp som bara används 24 gånger i den hebreiska bibeln. Ruach däremot är ett vanligt begrepp som används 378 gånger. Begreppen är delvis synonyma när de betecknar andedräkt, både Guds och människans andedräkt, och när de betecknar livskraft. Utöver detta har båda begreppen betydelser som inte täcks av det respektive andra begreppet: Neshama används t.ex. som kollektivbeteckning för varelser, det som andas, en betydelse som ruach inte har. Ruach däremot kan beteckna individuella andliga varelser, som lögnens ande, en betydelse som neshama inte har.

I skapelsen är det endast människan som explicit får neshama men neshama kan också användas för djur om dessa följer människornas lott. Att djur kan ha ruach är obestridd. Uppsatsens analys visar att det finns tydliga tecken på att neshama bär på en association till antingen skapelsen eller till syndafloden, en association som ruach inte har. Dessutom visar uppsatsens analys att det finns indikationer att Jobs bok står i dialog med Jesajaboken. Och slutligen finns det ett kiastiskt mönster i användningen av ruach i Psaltaren som indikerar att psalm 77 och psalm 78 kan vara de centrala psalmerna i Psaltaren.

Fältstudiens syfte har varit att analysera och beskriva jämställdhets effekter på den unga generationen i dagens Rwanda. Min uppsats utfördes med en kvalitativ ansats där intervjuer har varit centrala som metod för att samla in mitt material och data. Jag har intervjuat unga vuxna kvinnor som är entreprenör eller i ledare position. Mitt resultat erhålls genom deras berättelser och upplevelser om jämställdheten i Rwanda.

Rwanda har haft en stor representation av kvinnor i parlamentet vilket har i sin tur påverkat dessa unga kvinnor. Genom mina intervjuer har jag kommit fram till att Kvinnor i Rwanda tar mer plats som aldrig förr. Sammanfattningsvis har Rwanda gjort en stor skillnad för deras kvinnor. Den stora representationen av kvinnor i höga positioner har haft en bra inverkan på nästa generation och har inspirerat dem att drömma stort. Även om Rwanda har kommit långt när det gäller jämställdhet, utmaningar finns fortfarande och hela arbetet är inte gjort.

The aim of this thesis has emphasised on justice within the regulation constructed by The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) concerning the eligibility for the female classification (athletes with Difference of Sex Development). Different arguments in IAAF:s regulation has been examined throughout a philosophical analysis to examine the validity of the regulation. The IAAF:s regulation validity is examined through the capabilities approach, which aims to promote individual justice of an individual and what the individual can become to her fullest. The other theory of justice originates from utilitarianism which is a type of justice that aims to bring the most fortune to the greatest amount of people. IAAF:s regulation is a governing tool which controls participation of female athletes in the elite level sport in races at international competitions. The women who get affected by its implementation are women who suffer from DSD (Disorder of Sex Development). The regulation requests that women with DSD, who develop higher amount of testosterone than the average woman, must undergo medication to participate in international competitions in different races. The effect of the medication results in the deterioration of their natural physiological health. IAAF considers it necessary since some women with DSD has an advantage in comparison to the average female athletes in the same race events. Throughout the capabilities approach this may seem as an unjust type of regulation for women with DSD. The theory of utilitarianism may see it as justice for the majority of female athletes. When applying these two types of justice, the capabilities approach and utilitarianism, the result will differ. The sports organisation IAAF has also been compared to other sports organisations. The comparison lies within what sport aims to be for the athlete. Before beginning with the analysis, the history of different control mechanism of the female athletes’ bodies will be presented to show the reader the complexity that lies in the female category of elite sports level.

Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of global responsibility and toxicwaste control. The Basel Convention is the UN's international regulations on the import, export andtransport of hazardous waste. According to the Basel Convention, the export of electronic waste todeveloping countries is fully legal if the recipient country has given approval in writing. Is there a linkbetween toxic colonialism, global responsibility, justice and human rights?Material/Method: A qualitative case study of what delegates from three African countries think abouttoxic colonialism and global responsibility.Main results: The essay gives an explanation of the concept of toxic colonialism in relation to the BaselConvention and the Ban Amendment, from three African UN delegates, furthermore an analysis of theimportance it can have on global responsibility, justice and views on human rights.The essay results show that the Ban Amendment of the Basel Convention is in line with Rawl'sdifference principle and the principle of freedom and would contribute to increased justice on electronicwaste coding if the amendment goes through and is used in symbiosis with human rights: UDHRArticle 25 and ICESCR Article 12.1-2.

1994 in Cairo United Nations Population and Development Fund held a conference where the attending 179 nations agreed that Sexual and reproductive health is a human right. Everyone is entitled to this right without distinction.

This thesis investigates what covenants, declarations, policies, strategies and national law say about sexual and reproductive rights for men, specifically men in Sweden.

The thesis aims to enlighten the reader about men’s situation in a welfare state where discriminatory structures in society is reproducing gender stereotypes in a country that is one of the most gender equal countries in the world.

The general lack of common knowledge and subsequent lacking education in the matter is abundantly clear when browsing documents issued by official sources throughout the world. While Europe and its countries have begun to examine and call attention to this neglected subject, progress is still slow and could be hazardous to men’s sexual and reproductive health.

The thesis concludes with an argument that Sweden have a discriminatory structure built in society that discriminate men and their right to sexual and reproductive health according to Discrimination Act 2008:567 by practices that appear to be neutral but can affect men in a negative way. 

Polisvåld mot afroamerikaner är ett stort problem i USA. Våldet är ett tydligt rasistiskt uttryckgentemot en specifik grupp i samhället som utsätts oproportionerligt, vilket innebär att derasrättigheter inskränks. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som ligger till grund förpolisvåldet mot afroamerikaner i USA samt hur våldet påverkar deras rättigheter. Fokus i dennastudie ligger på två teorier som hävdar att det är olika psykologiska och politiska faktorer, samtrasistiska strukturer som ligger till grund för polisvåldet.Polisvåld är ingenting som endast påverkar enstaka individer, utan har en indirekt/direkt påverkanpå alla afroamerikaner. Detta innebär att även de personer som inte utsätts för fysiskt våld kanpåverkas på ett psykiskt sätt, vilket har en stor påverkan på hälsan.

In this thesis the objective has been to identify differences in judgements between female and male offenders in legal cases about rape against children in Swedish courts.

Female offenders are often seen as victims or mentally ill by judicial courts/institutions. By analyzing the cases from a theoretic perspective that gender is constructed by victimization the thesis will investigate how the offenders motivate their act. The thesis has investigated cases from 3 angles; the relationship with the child, the sexual act and their explanations to the committed crime/acts. There are some indications that construction of sex is identifiable.

The relationship with the plaintiff in the cases is assumed from the feelings the child has towards the male offender, and when the offender is a woman it is assumed from her feelings and not the relationship with the child. Judgements with male offenders is more detailed with the sexual act and therefore also much more explained in the documents from the court. The female offender is often described as a vulnerable, manipulated or victimized and therefore given reason for not taking responsibilities for their acts. This is often used by the lawyer who represents the female offender.

Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of global responsibility and toxic waste control. The Basel Convention is the UN's international regulations on the import, export and transport of hazardous waste. According to the Basel Convention, the export of electronic waste to developing countries is fully legal if the recipient country has given approval in writing. Is there a link between toxic colonialism, global responsibility, justice and human rights? Material/Method: A qualitative case study of what delegates from three African countries think about toxic colonialism and global responsibility. Main results: The essay gives an explanation of the concept of toxic colonialism in relation to the Basel Convention and the Ban Amendment, from three African UN delegates, furthermore an analysis of the importance it can have on global responsibility, justice and views on human rights. The essay results show that the Ban Amendment of the Basel Convention is in line with Rawl's difference principle and the principle of freedom and would contribute to increased justice on electronic waste coding if the amendment goes through and is used in symbiosis with human rights: UDHR Article 25 and ICESCR Article 12.1-2.

This thesis investigates how three high schools based in Stockholm organize their sex education. Do the schools meet the guidelines and policies for sex education or in which way do they not? The study is based on interviews with school staff and is analyzed through a new institutional theoretical perspective. According to the Swedish National Agency for Education, sex education overbridge various subjects; concepts like sexuality, equality, sex and relations are expressed in several high school curriculums. The Swedish National Agency for Education further explain that all teachers are affected by these questions, since it is related to the schools basic principles and values. The main result shows that the quality of sex education is dependent on the commitment from teachers, headmasters and students. Together they create certain norms, values and atmospheres which makes sex education to a very big challenge and sometimes a success. 

Under 2017/18 genomfördes Bibeläventyret med cirka trettio tusen mellanstadieelever i Sverige, av licensierade instruktörer, under nio timmar, med elevernas klasslärare som observatörer. Bibeläventyrets pedagogik och material drivs av Svenska Bibelsällskapet, där Svenska kyrkan och frikyrkorna är huvudmän. Konceptet bygger på sinnlig gestaltning, elevmedverkan samt kronologisk framställning av teman och berättelser från såväl Gamla Testamentet (årskurs 4) som Nya Testamentet (årskurs 5).Uppsatsens empiri är begränsad till en skola, observationer av tre dubbellektioner kring Gamla Testamentet samt fem elevuppgifter där samtal i smågrupper har dokumenterats som skriftliga reflektioner. Framställningen inramas av svensk läroplanshistoria, läroplansteoretisk forskning, lärandeteorier av Jerome Bruner och David Ausubel samt vissa epistemologiska och teologiska reflektioner.Observationerna har fungerat tillfredsställande men fortsättningsvis rekommenderas en viss uppstramning. Elevernas skriftliga reflektioner har ofta varit kortfattade men substantiella och tämligen varierade till innehållet. Komplettering med bandade fokusgrupper kan i framtiden prövas som komplement. Digitala enkäter till instruktörer respektive lärare konkretiseras för framtida bruk. Fortsatta studier bör nämligen vara mer omfattande, systematiska och varierade med avseende på sammansättningen av skolmiljöer.Redan denna blygsamma studie stöder dock idén att lustfyllt lärande och kulturhistoriskt meningsfull bildning kring en biblisk kanon går att förena.

This study focuses on the image of God in the common worship liturgy book that was taken into use by the church of Sweden in the year of 2018 and compare it with the image of God in the previous common worship book which was released in 1986. The end result shows that the big difference between these two liturgy books is that the liturgy book released in 1986 presents an image of God that focuses on the gender of God. Compared to the 2017 liturgy book that instead of focusing of the gender of God presents an image of God that presents how God acts, not who God is. End result has been viewed from two perspectives, a feminist theology point of view and an apophatic point of view. These perspectives combined with the end result from the comparative study has shown that of these two theologies the feminist theology fits best into the 2017 common worship liturgy book, compared to the apophatic theology. Although the study has shown that these two theological perspectives share more than just a few things. One of the most central similarities is that the language plays a big part in the centralities in both teological perspectives. In the apophatic theology the language is considered to be limited and that our human language lacks the potential to fully understand God. The feminist theology focuses on the fight against structures like gender, sex and power. When using especially these three parts it is possible to use language to find the patriarchal symbolic language that has an influence on us and effects us.

The ongoing Syrian conflict is one of the most violent, bloody and complex conflicts that broke out in modern time. The Syrian people were inspired by the Arab spring, where popular demonstrations and peaceful protests demanded freedom and democracy. The Syrian regime declared that Syria is in a serious war against terrorism.

This essay will try to analyze the Syrian president Bashar Al-Assad’s propaganda during the revolution against his government in March 2011. The analysis will go through a few of Al-Assad’s speeches and interviews during the Syrian uprising between 2011 and 2012. The study will be based on several fundamental researches that explain the relationship between the Syrian regime and the jihadi Islam in many dimensions before and after 2011. The study will answer the following question: How has the Syrian regime used fight terrorism as propaganda to serve its own political interest during the Syrian uprising 2011?

In my study, I use argumentation analysis as a method, this method is used to assess the credibility and sustainability of text or politics in context. In an argued text, the author aims to convince the reader of something in a critical and reasonable manner of argument. The method used is both descriptive and appreciative of Bashar Al-Assad’s arguments.

The study concluded that Al-Assad from the beginning of his presidency has played a major role of producing Islamists to achieve his own political objectives in the region and was able to take advantage of them while trying to crackdown the Syrian revolution in 2011 through many political acts.

This essay examines how the children of the Finnish Winter War were treated in the process. It focuses on three questions which are about the children’s’ situation and responsibility in the war. It also examines to what extent the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as a tool can interpret what risks the children's situation put them in. These questions are being answered through an interview with a Finnish war child and a literature study.    The interview is reinforced by stories from other children who were repositioned during the war and also from those who were adopted to Sweden. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is used as the theory for understanding the children's situation. It is a tool to describe what needs children have and their needs to have a stable childhood. The essay finds that many children were exposed to events that affected how much time they had to be children and they were forced to take on a role of responsibility in their families. The situation can therefore clearly be said as not optimal for them. Many were forced to grow up too early because of this and were not allowed to participate in decisions or to consider their own feelings. A lot of them ended up falling behind in school and sources at the time were concerned that it could have consequences for their development which is also considered in this essay.